Estonia’s plan to attract foreign online gambling operators through tax reductions has so far produced limited results, despite expectations that the policy would boost investment and public revenue.
Under amendments approved by the Riigikogu (Estonian parliament) late last year, the tax rate on online gambling is being gradually reduced from 6% to 4%. The reform was designed to make Estonia more competitive and encourage international gambling companies to register locally.
However, officials say the early impact has been modest, according to local media reports.
Only two license applications have been submitted so far and remain under review, according to Evelyn Liivamägi, Deputy Secretary General for Financial and Tax Policy at the Ministry of Finance. She added that another applicant has already withdrawn, and that applicants likely won’t begin operating until the end of this year or early next year.
The rollout has also been complicated by a legislative error discovered in January that temporarily left online gambling operators without an applicable tax obligation. During that period, companies made voluntary payments, resulting in €815,000 collected in January and €1.12 million in February. A €220,000 shortfall was later covered through a supplementary budget transfer to the Cultural Endowment.
Lawmakers revisited the legislation in February to address the issue and passed amendments aimed at closing the loophole. The revisions established a unified 5.5% tax rate for both online casino games and games of skill, restoring consistency in the system while continuing to channel gambling tax revenues into sports, cultural programmes, and other public initiatives across Estonia.
MP Tanel Tein of Eesti 200, who initiated the reform, said the policy should be evaluated over a longer timeframe. “This is a long process — some licenses take half a year, some up to ten months,” he said, noting that regulatory approval speed remains a key factor in where operators choose to base themselves.
Tein added that it is still too early to assess the fiscal impact, but argued that interest from operators is already emerging. He said the policy should be judged over several years rather than months.
He also cautioned that regional regulatory changes could affect Estonia’s competitiveness. Neighboring Finland is preparing to open a regulated online gambling market next year, which could influence operator decisions on where to establish or relocate.
Tein also responded to recent concerns raised by former Financial Supervision and Resolution Authority chief Kilvar Kessler, arguing that licensed operators are subject to strict compliance requirements, including enhanced oversight and the obligation to maintain a local contact person.
“We’re talking about bringing global accounting here,” he said, adding that the goal of the tax is also to boost funding for sports and cultural programs in Estonia. “Not a single new brick-and-mortar casino will be built here as a result of this.”
Supporters contend that attracting licensed international operators could ultimately enhance Estonia’s standing as a regulated online gambling hub, without expanding the country’s physical casino presence.